Elevators, escalators and moving walkways do not need to be modeled for calculation of tax deductions.
Elevators, escalators and moving walkways account for 3% to 5% of electric energy use in buildings.1 Buildings up to about five to seven stories typically use hydraulic elevators because of their lower initial cost. Mid-rise buildings commonly use traction elevators with geared motors, while high-rise buildings typically use gearless systems where the motor directly drives the sheave. The energy using components include the motors and controls as well as the lighting and ventilation systems for the cabs.
Elevators are custom designed for each building. In this respect they are less like products than they are engineered systems, e.g. they are more akin to chilled water plants where the engineer chooses a chiller, a tower, pumping and other components which are field engineered into a system. The main design criteria are safety and service. Some manufacturers have focused on energy efficiency of late and introduced technologies such as advanced controls that optimize the position of cars for minimum travel and regeneration motors that become generators when a loaded car descends or an empty car rises. These technologies can result in 35% to 40% savings.2
The motors and energy using equipment is typically located within the building envelope so it produces heat that must be removed by ventilation or by air conditioning systems. In energy models, a dedicated thermal zone (elevator shaft) will typically be created and this space can be indirectly cooled (from adjacent spaces) or positively cooled.
Little information is known on how to model elevators. As engineered systems, the model would need information on the number of starts per day, the number of floors, motor and drive characteristics, and other factors. Some work has been done to develop and categorize energy models for elevators3 however for Phase I of this rules and procedures manual, a simple procedure is recommended based on a count of the number of elevators, escalators and moving walkways in the building. This data is shown in [bookref id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"].4
[table title="Unit Energy Consumption Data for Elevators, Escalators and Moving Walkways" id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"]5
| Mode | Elevators | Escalators and Moving Walkways | ||
| Power (W) | Annual Hours | Power (W) | Annual Hours | |
| Active | 10,000 | 300 | 4,671 | 4,380 |
| Ready | 500 | 7,365 | n.a. | 0 |
| Standby | 250 | 1,095 | n.a. | 0 |
| Off | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4,380 |
| Typical Annual Energy Use | 7,000 kWh/y | 20,500 kWh/y | ||
| Elevator/Escalator Power | |
| Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators, escalator, or moving walkways |
|---|---|
| Definition | The power for elevators, escalators and moving walkways for different modes of operation. Elevators typically operate in three modes: active (when the car is moving passengers), ready (when the lighting and ventilation systems are active but the car is not moving), and standby (when the lights and ventilation systems are off). Escalators and moving walkways are either active or turned off. |
| Units | W/unit |
| Input Restrictions | The power values from [bookref id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"] for different modes of operation are prescribed for the proposed design. |
| Baseline Rules | Same as the proposed design |
| Elevator/Escalator Schedule | |
| Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators, escalator, or moving walkways |
|---|---|
| Definition | The schedule of operation for elevators, escalators, and moving walkways. This is used to convert elevator/escalator power to energy use. |
| Units | Data structure: schedule, state |
| Input Restrictions | The schedule specified for the building should match the operation patterns of the building. The total number of hours for each mode of operation should match the values in [bookref id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"] (the default) unless documentation is provided to demonstrate that other schedules are appropriate. |
| Baseline Rules | Same as the proposed design |
- 1Sachs, Harvey M., Opportunities for Elevator Energy Efficiency Improvements, American Council for an Energy Efficiency Economy, April 2005
- 2Ibid.
- 3Al-Sharif, Lutfi, Richard Peters and Rory Smith, Elevator Energy Simulation Model, Elevator World, November 2005, Volume LII, No11
- 4TIAX, Commercial and Residential Sector Miscellaneous Electricity consumption: Y20005 and Projections to 2030, Final Report to the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA) and Decision Analysis Corporation (DAC), September 22, 2006, Reference Number D0366.
- 5The TIAX report does not give energy consumption data for moving walkways. For the purposes of this manual, it is assumed to be equal to escalators.
Elevators, escalators and moving walkways account for 3% to 5% of electric energy use in buildings.1 Buildings up to about five to seven stories typically use hydraulic elevators because of their lower initial cost. Mid-rise buildings commonly use traction elevators with geared motors, while high-rise buildings typically use gearless systems where the motor directly drives the sheave. The energy using components include the motors and controls as well as the lighting and ventilation systems for the cabs.
Elevators are custom designed for each building. In this respect they are less like products than they are engineered systems, e.g. they are more akin to chilled water plants where the engineer chooses a chiller, a tower, pumping and other components which are field engineered into a system. The main design criteria are safety and service. Some manufacturers have focused on energy efficiency of late and introduced technologies such as advanced controls that optimize the position of cars for minimum travel and regeneration motors that become generators when a loaded car descends or an empty car rises. These technologies can result in 35% to 40% savings.2
The motors and energy using equipment is typically located within the building envelope so it produces heat that must be removed by ventilation or by air conditioning systems. In energy models, a dedicated thermal zone (elevator shaft) will typically be created and this space can be indirectly cooled (from adjacent spaces) or positively cooled.
Little information is known on how to model elevators. As engineered systems, the model would need information on the number of starts per day, the number of floors, motor and drive characteristics, and other factors. Some work has been done to develop and categorize energy models for elevators3 however for Phase I of this rules and procedures manual, a simple procedure is recommended based on a count of the number of elevators, escalators and moving walkways in the building. This data is shown in [bookref id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"].4
[table title="Unit Energy Consumption Data for Elevators, Escalators and Moving Walkways" id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"]5
| Mode | Elevators | Escalators and Moving Walkways | ||
| Power (W) | Annual Hours | Power (W) | Annual Hours | |
| Active | 10,000 | 300 | 4,671 | 4,380 |
| Ready | 500 | 7,365 | n.a. | 0 |
| Standby | 250 | 1,095 | n.a. | 0 |
| Off | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4,380 |
| Typical Annual Energy Use | 7,000 kWh/y | 20,500 kWh/y | ||
| Elevator/Escalator Power | |
| Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators, escalator, or moving walkways |
|---|---|
| Definition | The power for elevators, escalators and moving walkways for different modes of operation. Elevators typically operate in three modes: active (when the car is moving passengers), ready (when the lighting and ventilation systems are active but the car is not moving), and standby (when the lights and ventilation systems are off). Escalators and moving walkways are either active or turned off. |
| Units | W/unit |
| Input Restrictions | The power values from [bookref id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"] for different modes of operation are prescribed for the proposed design. |
| Baseline Rules | Same as the proposed design |
| Elevator/Escalator Schedule | |
| Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators, escalator, or moving walkways |
|---|---|
| Definition | The schedule of operation for elevators, escalators, and moving walkways. This is used to convert elevator/escalator power to energy use. |
| Units | Data structure: schedule, state |
| Input Restrictions | The schedule specified for the building should match the operation patterns of the building. The total number of hours for each mode of operation should match the values in [bookref id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"] (the default) unless documentation is provided to demonstrate that other schedules are appropriate. |
| Baseline Rules | Same as the proposed design |
- 1Sachs, Harvey M., Opportunities for Elevator Energy Efficiency Improvements, American Council for an Energy Efficiency Economy, April 2005
- 2Ibid.
- 3Al-Sharif, Lutfi, Richard Peters and Rory Smith, Elevator Energy Simulation Model, Elevator World, November 2005, Volume LII, No11
- 4TIAX, Commercial and Residential Sector Miscellaneous Electricity consumption: Y20005 and Projections to 2030, Final Report to the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA) and Decision Analysis Corporation (DAC), September 22, 2006, Reference Number D0366.
- 5The TIAX report does not give energy consumption data for moving walkways. For the purposes of this manual, it is assumed to be equal to escalators.
Elevators, escalators and moving walkways account for 3% to 5% of electric energy use in buildings.1 Buildings up to about five to seven stories typically use hydraulic elevators because of their lower initial cost. Mid-rise buildings commonly use traction elevators with geared motors, while high-rise buildings typically use gearless systems where the motor directly drives the sheave. The energy using components include the motors and controls as well as the lighting and ventilation systems for the cabs.
Elevators are custom designed for each building. In this respect they are less like products than they are engineered systems, e.g. they are more akin to chilled water plants where the engineer chooses a chiller, a tower, pumping and other components which are field engineered into a system. The main design criteria are safety and service. Some manufacturers have focused on energy efficiency of late and introduced technologies such as advanced controls that optimize the position of cars for minimum travel and regeneration motors that become generators when a loaded car descends or an empty car rises. These technologies can result in 35% to 40% savings.2
The motors and energy using equipment is typically located within the building envelope so it produces heat that must be removed by ventilation or by air conditioning systems. In energy models, a dedicated thermal zone (elevator shaft) will typically be created and this space can be indirectly cooled (from adjacent spaces) or positively cooled.
Little information is known on how to model elevators. As engineered systems, the model would need information on the number of starts per day, the number of floors, motor and drive characteristics, and other factors. Some work has been done to develop and categorize energy models for elevators3 however for Phase I of this rules and procedures manual, a simple procedure is recommended based on a count of the number of elevators, escalators and moving walkways in the building. This data is shown in Table 6.4.7-1.4
Table 6.4.7-1; Unit Energy Consumption Data for Elevators, Escalators and Moving Walkways5
| Mode | Elevators | Escalators and Moving Walkways | ||
| Power (W) | Annual Hours | Power (W) | Annual Hours | |
| Active | 10,000 | 300 | 4,671 | 4,380 |
| Ready | 500 | 7,365 | n.a. | 0 |
| Standby | 250 | 1,095 | n.a. | 0 |
| Off | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4,380 |
| Typical Annual Energy Use | 7,000 kWh/y | 20,500 kWh/y | ||
| Elevator/Escalator Power | |
| Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators, escalator, or moving walkways |
|---|---|
| Definition | The power for elevators, escalators and moving walkways for different modes of operation. Elevators typically operate in three modes: active (when the car is moving passengers), ready (when the lighting and ventilation systems are active but the car is not moving), and standby (when the lights and ventilation systems are off). Escalators and moving walkways are either active or turned off. |
| Units | W/unit |
| Input Restrictions | The power values from Table 6.4.7-1 for different modes of operation are prescribed for the proposed design. |
| Baseline Rules | Same as the proposed design |
| Elevator/Escalator Schedule | |
| Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators, escalator, or moving walkways |
|---|---|
| Definition | The schedule of operation for elevators, escalators, and moving walkways. This is used to convert elevator/escalator power to energy use. |
| Units | Data structure: schedule, state |
| Input Restrictions | The schedule specified for the building should match the operation patterns of the building. The total number of hours for each mode of operation should match the values in Table 6.4.7-1 (the default) unless documentation is provided to demonstrate that other schedules are appropriate. |
| Baseline Rules | Same as the proposed design |
- 1Sachs, Harvey M., Opportunities for Elevator Energy Efficiency Improvements, American Council for an Energy Efficiency Economy, April 2005
- 2Ibid.
- 3Al-Sharif, Lutfi, Richard Peters and Rory Smith, Elevator Energy Simulation Model, Elevator World, November 2005, Volume LII, No11
- 4TIAX, Commercial and Residential Sector Miscellaneous Electricity consumption: Y20005 and Projections to 2030, Final Report to the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA) and Decision Analysis Corporation (DAC), September 22, 2006, Reference Number D0366.
- 5The TIAX report does not give energy consumption data for moving walkways. For the purposes of this manual, it is assumed to be equal to escalators.
Elevators, escalators and moving walkways account for 3% to 5% of electric energy use in buildings.1 Buildings up to about five to seven stories typically use hydraulic elevators because of their lower initial cost. Mid-rise buildings commonly use traction elevators with geared motors, while high-rise buildings typically use gearless systems where the motor directly drives the sheave. The energy using components include the motors and controls as well as the lighting and ventilation systems for the cabs.
Elevators are custom designed for each building. In this respect they are less like products than they are engineered systems, e.g. they are more akin to chilled water plants where the engineer chooses a chiller, a tower, pumping and other components which are field engineered into a system. The main design criteria are safety and service. Some manufacturers have focused on energy efficiency of late and introduced technologies such as advanced controls that optimize the position of cars for minimum travel and regeneration motors that become generators when a loaded car descends or an empty car rises. These technologies can result in 35% to 40% savings.2
The motors and energy using equipment is typically located within the building envelope so it produces heat that must be removed by ventilation or by air conditioning systems. In energy models, a dedicated thermal zone (elevator shaft) will typically be created and this space can be indirectly cooled (from adjacent spaces) or positively cooled.
Little information is known on how to model elevators. As engineered systems, the model would need information on the number of starts per day, the number of floors, motor and drive characteristics, and other factors. Some work has been done to develop and categorize energy models for elevators3 however a simple procedure is recommended based on a count of the number of elevators, escalators and moving walkways in the building. This data is shown in Table 3.4.7-1.4
Table 3.4.7-1; Unit Energy Consumption Data for Elevators, Escalators and Moving Walkways5
|
Mode |
Elevators |
Escalators and Moving Walkways |
||
|
Power (W) |
Annual Hours |
Power (W) |
Annual Hours |
|
|
Active |
10,000 |
300 |
4,671 |
4,380 |
|
Ready |
500 |
7,365 |
n.a. |
0 |
|
Standby |
250 |
1,095 |
n.a. |
0 |
|
Off |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4,380 |
|
|
7,000 kWh/y |
20,500 kWh/y |
||
|
Elevator/Escalator Power |
|
|---|---|
|
Applicability |
All buildings that have commercial elevators, escalator, or moving walkways |
|
Definition |
The power for elevators, escalators and moving walkways for different modes of operation. Elevators typically operate in three modes: active (when the car is moving passengers), ready (when the lighting and ventilation systems are active but the car is not moving), and standby (when the lights and ventilation systems are off). Escalators and moving walkways are either active or turned off. |
|
Units |
W/unit |
|
Input Restrictions |
The power values from Table 3.4.7-1 for different modes of operation are prescribed for the proposed design. |
|
Baseline Rules |
Same as the proposed design |
|
<Elevator/Escalator Schedule |
|
|---|---|
|
Applicability |
All buildings that have commercial elevators, escalator, or moving walkways |
|
Definition |
The schedule of operation for elevators, escalators, and moving walkways. This is used to convert elevator/escalator power to energy use. |
|
Units |
Data structure: schedule, state |
|
Input Restrictions |
The schedule specified for the building should match the operation patterns of the building. The total number of hours for each mode of operation should match the values in Table 3.4.7-1 (the default) unless documentation is provided to demonstrate that other schedules are appropriate. |
|
Baseline Rules |
Same as the proposed design |
|
Elevator Ventilation Efficiency |
|
|---|---|
|
Applicability |
Elevator cabs |
|
Definition |
Mechanical ventilation to move are through the elevator cab |
|
Units |
W/cfm |
|
Input Restrictions |
As designed |
|
Baseline Rules |
Ventilation shall be modeled at 0.33 W/cfm and shall operate continuously when the elevator is in active or ready mode. |
|
Elevator Lighting |
|
|---|---|
|
Applicability |
Elevator cabs |
|
Definition |
The power used to illuminate the elevator cab. |
|
Units |
W/ft² |
|
Input Restrictions |
As designed |
|
Baseline Rules |
Lighting power shall be modeled at 3.14 W/ft² and operated continuously when the elevtor is in active or ready mode. |
- 1Sachs, Harvey M., Opportunities for Elevator Energy Efficiency Improvements, American Council for an Energy Efficiency Economy, April 2005
- 2Ibid.
- 3Al-Sharif, Lutfi, Richard Peters and Rory Smith, Elevator Energy Simulation Model, Elevator World, November 2005, Volume LII, No11
- 4TIAX, Commercial and Residential Sector Miscellaneous Electricity consumption: Y20005 and Projections to 2030, Final Report to the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA) and Decision Analysis Corporation (DAC), September 22, 2006, Reference Number D0366.
- 5The TIAX report does not give energy consumption data for moving walkways. For the purposes of this manual, it is assumed to be equal to escalators.
Elevators, escalators, and moving walkways account for 3% to 5% of electric energy use in buildings.2 Buildings up to about five to seven stories typically use hydraulic elevators because of their lower initial cost. Mid-rise buildings commonly use traction elevators with geared motors, while high-rise buildings typically use gearless systems where the motor directly drives the sheave. The energy using components include the motors and controls as well as the lighting and ventilation systems for the cabs.
Elevators are custom designed for each building. In this respect they are less like products than they are engineered systems, e.g., they are more akin to chilled water plants where the engineer chooses a chiller, a tower, pumping, and other components, which are field engineered into a system. The main design criteria are safety and service. Some manufacturers have focused on energy efficiency of late and introduced technologies such as advanced controls that optimize the position of cars for minimum travel and regeneration motors that become generators when a loaded car descends or an empty car rises. These technologies can result in 35% to 40% savings.2
The motors and energy using equipment is often located within the building envelope so it produces heat that must be removed by ventilation or by air conditioning systems. In energy models, a dedicated thermal zone (elevator shaft) will typically be created and this space can be indirectly cooled (from adjacent spaces) or positively cooled. Motors, drives, and braking equipment are usually located in a separate space that is often cooled by independent cooling equipment. The elevator energy use should be divided equally between the shaft and the equipment room. In the scenario, where geometrically modeling a separate elevator shaft is complicated, it is acceptable to model separate “virtual” shaft space/zones on each floor. These spaces need to be identified so that they’re not included in the gross floor area calculation.
| Elevator/ Escalator Power | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Applicability | All buildings that have elevators, escalators, or moving walkways | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Definition | The power for elevators, escalators, and moving walkways for different modes of operation. Elevators typically operate in three modes: active (when the car is moving passengers), ready (when the lighting and ventilation systems are active but the car is not moving), and standby (when the lights and ventilation systems are off). Escalators and moving walkways are either active or turned off. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Units | W/unit | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Input Restrictions |
The power values for different modes of operation for elevators, escalators, and moving walkways can be defined by the user if that information is available for the specific equipment being installed. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Baseline Building |
Escalator power shall be same as proposed. However, when quantifying performance that exceeds the requirements of Standard 90.1 (but not when using the Performance Rating as an alternative path for minimum standard compliance ), with approval of the rating authority, variations of the power requirements, schedules, or control sequences of escalators modeled in the baseline building from those in the proposed design shall be allowed by the rating authority based upondocumentation that the equipment installed in the proposed design represents a significant verifiable departure from documented conventional practice. The elevator peak motor power shall be calculated as follows: bhp = (Weight of Car + Rated Load – Counterweight) × Speed of Car/(33,000 × hmechanical) Pm = bhp × 746/hmotor Where: Weight of Car = the proposed design elevator car weight, lb Rated Load = the proposed design elevator load at which to operate, lb Counterweight of Car = the elevator car counterweight, from Table 18, lb Speed of Car = the speed of the proposed elevator, ft/min hmechanical = the mechanical efficiency of the elevator from Table 18 hmotor = the motor efficiency from Table G3.9.2 Pm = peak elevator motor power, W The percent of peak power for each mode of operation specified in Table 18 shall be the same as proposed. Table 18. Baseline Elevator Motor
Table 19. Motor Efficiency Requirements for Hydraulic Motors
Table 20. Motor Efficiency Requirements for Traction Motors
|
| Elevator/ Escalator Ventilation Fan Power | |
|---|---|
| Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators |
| Definition | The schedule of operations for elevator ventilation fans |
| Units | Watts |
|
Input Restrictions |
As designed |
|
Baseline Building |
The baseline elevator cab ventilation shall be 0.33 W/cfm and will be modeled with the same airflow as the proposed design.
|
| Elevator/ Escalator Ventilation Fan Schedule | |
|---|---|
| Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators |
| Definition | The schedule of operation for the ventilation fan for the elevator cab |
| Units | Data structure: schedule, state |
|
Input Restrictions |
As designed. The elevator cab ventilation is required to be de-energized while the elevator is in standby mode or off. Therefore ventilation fans shall be modeled with the same schedule as the elevator motor. |
|
Baseline Building |
The baseline elevator ventilation fan shall be modeled to run continuously |
| Elevator/ Escalator Lighting Power | |
|---|---|
| Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators |
| Definition | The lighting power density for the elevator cab |
| Units | Watts |
|
Input Restrictions |
As designed |
|
Baseline Building |
The baseline elevator cab lighting power density shall be 3.14 W/ft2 and based on the same size elevators as the proposed design. |
| Elevator/ Escalator Lighting Schedule | |
|---|---|
| Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators |
| Definition | The schedule of operation for the elevator cab lighting |
| Units | Data structure: schedule, state |
|
Input Restrictions |
As designed. The elevator cab lighting is required to be de-energized while the elevator is in standby mode or off. Therefore cab lighting shall be modeled with the same schedule as the elevator motor. |
|
Baseline Building |
The baseline elevator cab lighting shall be modeled to run continuously |
Elevators, escalators and moving walkways account for 3% to 5% of electric energy use in buildings.1 Buildings up to about five to seven stories typically use hydraulic elevators because of their lower initial cost. Mid-rise buildings commonly use traction elevators with geared motors, while high-rise buildings typically use gearless systems where the motor directly drives the sheave. The energy using components include the motors and controls as well as the lighting and ventilation systems for the cabs.
Elevators are custom designed for each building. In this respect they are less like products than they are engineered systems, e.g. they are more akin to chilled water plants where the engineer chooses a chiller, a tower, pumping and other components which are field engineered into a system. The main design criteria are safety and service. Some manufacturers have focused on energy efficiency of late and introduced technologies such as advanced controls that optimize the position of cars for minimum travel and regeneration motors that become generators when a loaded car descends or an empty car rises. These technologies can result in 35% to 40% savings.2
The motors and energy using equipment is typically located within the building envelope so it produces heat that must be removed by ventilation or by air conditioning systems. In energy models, a dedicated thermal zone (elevator shaft) will typically be created and this space can be indirectly cooled (from adjacent spaces) or positively cooled.
Little information is known on how to model elevators. As engineered systems, the model would need information on the number of starts per day, the number of floors, motor and drive characteristics, and other factors. Some work has been done to develop and categorize energy models for elevators3 however for Phase I of this rules and procedures manual, a simple procedure is recommended based on a count of the number of elevators, escalators and moving walkways in the building. This data is shown in [bookref id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"].4
[table title="Unit Energy Consumption Data for Elevators, Escalators and Moving Walkways" id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"]5
| Mode | Elevators | Escalators and Moving Walkways | ||
| Power (W) | Annual Hours | Power (W) | Annual Hours | |
| Active | 10,000 | 300 | 4,671 | 4,380 |
| Ready | 500 | 7,365 | n.a. | 0 |
| Standby | 250 | 1,095 | n.a. | 0 |
| Off | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4,380 |
| Typical Annual Energy Use | 7,000 kWh/y | 20,500 kWh/y | ||
| Elevator/Escalator Power | |
| Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators, escalator, or moving walkways |
|---|---|
| Definition | The power for elevators, escalators and moving walkways for different modes of operation. Elevators typically operate in three modes: active (when the car is moving passengers), ready (when the lighting and ventilation systems are active but the car is not moving), and standby (when the lights and ventilation systems are off). Escalators and moving walkways are either active or turned off. |
| Units | W/unit |
| Input Restrictions | The power values from [bookref id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"] for different modes of operation are prescribed for the proposed design. |
| Elevator/Escalator Schedule | |
| Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators, escalator, or moving walkways |
|---|---|
| Definition | The schedule of operation for elevators, escalators, and moving walkways. This is used to convert elevator/escalator power to energy use. |
| Units | Data structure: schedule, state |
| Input Restrictions | The schedule specified for the building should match the operation patterns of the building. The total number of hours for each mode of operation should match the values in [bookref id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"] (the default) unless documentation is provided to demonstrate that other schedules are appropriate. |
- 1Sachs, Harvey M., Opportunities for Elevator Energy Efficiency Improvements, American Council for an Energy Efficiency Economy, April 2005
- 2Ibid.
- 3Al-Sharif, Lutfi, Richard Peters and Rory Smith, Elevator Energy Simulation Model, Elevator World, November 2005, Volume LII, No11
- 4TIAX, Commercial and Residential Sector Miscellaneous Electricity consumption: Y20005 and Projections to 2030, Final Report to the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA) and Decision Analysis Corporation (DAC), September 22, 2006, Reference Number D0366.
- 5The TIAX report does not give energy consumption data for moving walkways. For the purposes of this manual, it is assumed to be equal to escalators.
Elevators, escalators and moving walkways account for 3% to 5% of electric energy use in buildings.1 Buildings up to about five to seven stories typically use hydraulic elevators because of their lower initial cost. Mid-rise buildings commonly use traction elevators with geared motors, while high-rise buildings typically use gearless systems where the motor directly drives the sheave. The energy using components include the motors and controls as well as the lighting and ventilation systems for the cabs.
Elevators are custom designed for each building. In this respect they are less like products than they are engineered systems, e.g. they are more akin to chilled water plants where the engineer chooses a chiller, a tower, pumping and other components which are field engineered into a system. The main design criteria are safety and service. Some manufacturers have focused on energy efficiency of late and introduced technologies such as advanced controls that optimize the position of cars for minimum travel and regeneration motors that become generators when a loaded car descends or an empty car rises. These technologies can result in 35% to 40% savings.2
The motors and energy using equipment is typically located within the building envelope so it produces heat that must be removed by ventilation or by air conditioning systems. In energy models, a dedicated thermal zone (elevator shaft) will typically be created and this space can be indirectly cooled (from adjacent spaces) or positively cooled.
Little information is known on how to model elevators. As engineered systems, the model would need information on the number of starts per day, the number of floors, motor and drive characteristics, and other factors. Some work has been done to develop and categorize energy models for elevators3 however for Phase I of this rules and procedures manual, a simple procedure is recommended based on a count of the number of elevators, escalators and moving walkways in the building. This data is shown in [bookref id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"].4
[table title="Unit Energy Consumption Data for Elevators, Escalators and Moving Walkways" id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"]5
| Mode | Elevators | Escalators and Moving Walkways | ||
| Power (W) | Annual Hours | Power (W) | Annual Hours | |
| Active | 10,000 | 300 | 4,671 | 4,380 |
| Ready | 500 | 7,365 | n.a. | 0 |
| Standby | 250 | 1,095 | n.a. | 0 |
| Off | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4,380 |
| Typical Annual Energy Use | 7,000 kWh/y | 20,500 kWh/y | ||
| Elevator/Escalator Power | |
| Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators, escalator, or moving walkways |
|---|---|
| Definition | The power for elevators, escalators and moving walkways for different modes of operation. Elevators typically operate in three modes: active (when the car is moving passengers), ready (when the lighting and ventilation systems are active but the car is not moving), and standby (when the lights and ventilation systems are off). Escalators and moving walkways are either active or turned off. |
| Units | W/unit |
| Input Restrictions | The power values from [bookref id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"] for different modes of operation are prescribed for the proposed design. |
| Elevator/Escalator Schedule | |
| Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators, escalator, or moving walkways |
|---|---|
| Definition | The schedule of operation for elevators, escalators, and moving walkways. This is used to convert elevator/escalator power to energy use. |
| Units | Data structure: schedule, state |
| Input Restrictions | The schedule specified for the building should match the operation patterns of the building. The total number of hours for each mode of operation should match the values in [bookref id="unit-energy-consumption-data-for-elevators-,-escalators-and-moving-walkways"] (the default) unless documentation is provided to demonstrate that other schedules are appropriate. |
- 1Sachs, Harvey M., Opportunities for Elevator Energy Efficiency Improvements, American Council for an Energy Efficiency Economy, April 2005
- 2Ibid.
- 3Al-Sharif, Lutfi, Richard Peters and Rory Smith, Elevator Energy Simulation Model, Elevator World, November 2005, Volume LII, No11
- 4TIAX, Commercial and Residential Sector Miscellaneous Electricity consumption: Y20005 and Projections to 2030, Final Report to the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA) and Decision Analysis Corporation (DAC), September 22, 2006, Reference Number D0366.
- 5The TIAX report does not give energy consumption data for moving walkways. For the purposes of this manual, it is assumed to be equal to escalators.